Examining the Effectiveness of Science Course Enriched with Critical Thinking Strategies
Examining the Effectiveness of Science Course Enriched with Critical Thinking Strategies
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Abstract
Eleştirel düşünme, bireyin amaçlı olarak bir konu veya içerik hakkında düşünmesidir. Eleştirel düşünmenin bir konu bağlamında öğretilmesinde ilk akla gelen derslerden birisi olan fen bilimleri dersinde konu içeriklerinin ve materyallerin amaçlı düşünmeye hizmet edecek şekilde hazırlanması önemlidir. Eleştirel düşünmenin alt becerilerini tanımlayan, açıklayan ve davranışlarını gösteren eleştirel düşünme stratejilerinin, eleştirel düşünmenin öğrenme ortamında kazandırılmasında ve gözlemlenmesinde kullanılabileceğine inanılmaktadır. Bu noktada, fen bilimleri dersi konu içeriğine entegre edilmiş eleştirel düşünme stratejilerini içeren öğretim tasarımının öğrencilerin hem kavramsal anlamalarına hem de eleştirel düşünmelerinin geliştirilmesine katkı sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir. Düşünme becerilerinin sınıf ortamında kazandırılırken kullanılması önerilen Düşünmeye Dayalı Öğrenme (DDÖ) yaklaşımı, bu çalışmada da eleştirel düşünmenin öğrencilere kazandırılması ve geliştirilmesi için kullanılmıştır. Bu araştırmanın amacı eleştirel düşünme stratejileri ile zenginleştirilmiş yedinci sınıf fen bilimleri dersinin etkililiğinin incelenmesidir. Çalışmada öğrencilerin fen konularında amaçlı düşünmelerini sağlamak için DDÖ yaklaşımı kullanılarak öğrencilerin fen içerik bilgisi ile eleştirel düşünme stratejilerinin kazandırılması hedeflenmiştir. Literatürde eleştirel düşünme becerisini sınıflandıran birçok araştırma bulunmakla birlikte bu çalışmada Paul vd. (1990) eleştirel düşünme stratejileri kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın yürütüldüğü ünitelerin kazanımları uygun eleştirel düşünme stratejileri eşleştirilerek araştırmada kullanılacak 10 bilişsel ve dört duyuşsal strateji belirlenmiştir. Karma yöntem araştırmalarından iç içe desenle yürütülen araştırmanın deney grubu 23, kontrol grubu 26 öğrenciden oluşmaktadır. Araştırma 2021-2022 eğitim-öğretim yılında DDÖ yaklaşımıyla deney grubunda, mevcut öğretimle kontrol grubunda Hücre ve Bölünmeler, Kuvvet ve Enerji ile Saf Maddeler ve Geri Dönüşüm ünitelerinde 14 hafta süresince yürütülmüştür. Araştırmada veriler kavramsal anlama testleri, otantik problemler, semantik ağlar, gözlem formu, düşünce günlükleri, öğretim materyalleri ve yarı yapılandırılmış görüşmelerle toplanmıştır. Yedinci sınıf öğrencilerinin kavramsal anlamaları ve grupların birbirinden farkları istatistiksel olarak analiz edilmiştir. Stratejilerin öğretim süreci içinde açığa çıkma durumları gözlem formları ve öğrencilerin öğretim materyallerine ve otantik problemlere verdikleri cevaplar ve semantik ağ çizimleri üzerinden incelenmiştir. Araştırmadan elde edilen veriler doğrultusunda eleştirel düşünme stratejileri ile zenginleştirilmiş DDÖ yaklaşımıyla tasarlanmış fen bilimleri dersinin, araştırmanın yürütüldüğü üç ünitede de mevcut fen öğretiminden daha etkili olduğu ve öğrencilerin kavramsal anlamalarını geliştirdiği tespit edilmiştir. Bununla birlikte, otantik problemlerin çözümünde kavramsal anlamının yeterli olmadığı ve doğru içerik bilgisinin seçilmesinin önemli olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca, DDÖ yaklaşımı gibi öğrencilerin yeni alışkanlıklar oluşturmaları gereken öğretim tasarımlarında sürece alışmalarında yapılandırılmış etkinliklerin daha etkili sonuçlar verdiği ve bu yaklaşımın öğrencilerde düşünme rutinlerinin oluşmasını desteklediği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Öğretim tasarımına entegre edilen eleştirel düşünme stratejilerinin çoğunlukla içerik bilgisini edinmelerine yardımcı olduğu ve içerik bilgisi arttıkça stratejileri daha etkili şekilde kullanabildikleri tespit edilmiştir. Bununla birlikte, semantik ağlardan elde edilen bulgularda DDÖ yaklaşımının öğrencileri ünitenin kavramlarıyla düşündürmeye teşvik ettiği ancak kavramlar arasında ilişki kurmayı sağlamada kısmen etkili olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Ayrıca, küçük grup tartışması ya da düşün-eşleş-paylaş tekniği olmadan sadece büyük sınıf tartışması şeklinde yürütülen etkinliklerin öğrencilerin sosyal kaygı yaşamalarına sebep olduğu görülmüştür. Öğrencilerin duyuşsal stratejilerinin gelişiminde ait oldukları sosyal grubun desteğinin önemli olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlar doğrultusunda, öğrencilerde düşünme rutini oluşana kadar yapılandırılmış etkinliklerin kullanılması, rutin oluştuktan sonra etkinliklerin değiştirilerek yeni rutinlerin oluşturulması önerilmektedir. Bununla birlikte strateji sayısının azaltılarak aynı stratejiye yönelik daha yoğun etkinliklerin yürütülmesinin faydalı olacağına inanılmaktadır. Semantik ağlarda öğrencilerin kavramlar arasında kurdukları bağlantı sayılarını arttırmak için ünitenin kavramlarının ilişkilendirilerek öğretilmesinin yararlı olacağı düşünülmektedir. Duyuşsal stratejilere yönelik yürütülecek görüşmeler odak grup görüşmesi şeklinde yürütülerek hem öğrencilerin birbirlerinin düşüncelerini nasıl analiz ettikleri hem de öğrencilerin ürettikleri görüşlerin niteliği araştırılabilir.
Critical thinking is the individual's purposeful thinking about a subject or content. It is important to prepare the course contents and materials to serve purposeful thinking in the science course, which is one of the first courses that comes to mind when teaching critical thinking in the context of a subject. It is believed that critical thinking strategies that define, explain, and demonstrate the behaviors of critical thinking sub-skills can be used to teach and observe critical thinking in the learning environment. At this point, it is thought that instructional design that includes critical thinking strategies integrated into the science course content will contribute to the development of both students' conceptual understanding and critical thinking. The Thinking-Based Learning (TBL) approach, which is recommended to be used while teaching thinking skills in the classroom environment, was used in this study to teach and develop critical thinking in students. The purpose of this research is to examine the effectiveness of the seventh-grade science course enriched with critical thinking strategies. The study aimed to provide students with science content knowledge and critical thinking skills by using the Thinking-Based Learning (TBL) approach to enable students to think purposefully about science subjects. Although there are many studies in the literature classifying critical thinking skills, in this study Paul et al. (1990) critical thinking strategies were used. By matching the outcomes of the units in which the research was conducted with appropriate critical thinking strategies, 10 cognitive and four affective strategies to be used in the research were determined. This embedded mixed research design was carried out with the experimental group consists of 23 students and the control group consists of 26 students. The research was conducted in the 2021-2022 academic year in the experimental group with the TBL approach and in the control group with the current teaching in the Cell and Divisions, Force and Energy and Pure Substances and Recycling units for 14 weeks. In the study, data were collected through conceptual understanding tests, authentic problems, semantic mapping, observation form, thought diaries, teaching materials and semi-structured interviews. The conceptual understanding of seventh grade students and the differences between the groups were analyzed statistically. The coming out of strategies during the teaching process was examined through observation forms, students' answers to teaching materials and authentic problems, and semantic mapping drawings, based on the determined categorization levels. In line with the data obtained from the research, it was determined that the science course designed with the TBL approach, enriched with critical thinking strategies, was more effective than the current science teaching in all three units in which the research was conducted and improved students' conceptual understanding. However, it has been determined that conceptual understanding was not sufficient in solving authentic problems and choosing the right content knowledge was important. In addition, it was concluded that structured activities gave more effective results in teaching students to get used to the process, such as the TBL approach, in which students need to form new habits, and this approach supported to create thinking routines in students. It was inferred that critical thinking strategies integrated into instructional design mostly helped students acquire content knowledge, and as content knowledge increased, students used the strategies more effectively. However, in the findings obtained from semantic mapping, it was determined that the TBL approach encouraged students to think about the concepts of the unit but was only partially effective in establishing relationships between concepts. Additionally, it has been observed that activities carried out only as big class discussions, without small group discussions or think-pair-share techniques, cause students to experience social anxiety. It was concluded that the support of the social group to which students belong was important in the development of their affective strategies. In line with the results obtained, it was recommended to use structured activities until students develop a thinking routine, and to create new routines by changing the activities after the routine was formed. However, it was believed that it would be beneficial to reduce the number of strategies and conduct more activities aimed at the same strategy. It was thought that it would be useful to teach the concepts of the unit by associating them in order to increase the number of connections students make between concepts in semantic mapping. Interviews regarding affective strategies could be conducted in the form of focus group interviews to investigate how students analyze each other's thoughts and the quality of the opinions produced by students.
Critical thinking is the individual's purposeful thinking about a subject or content. It is important to prepare the course contents and materials to serve purposeful thinking in the science course, which is one of the first courses that comes to mind when teaching critical thinking in the context of a subject. It is believed that critical thinking strategies that define, explain, and demonstrate the behaviors of critical thinking sub-skills can be used to teach and observe critical thinking in the learning environment. At this point, it is thought that instructional design that includes critical thinking strategies integrated into the science course content will contribute to the development of both students' conceptual understanding and critical thinking. The Thinking-Based Learning (TBL) approach, which is recommended to be used while teaching thinking skills in the classroom environment, was used in this study to teach and develop critical thinking in students. The purpose of this research is to examine the effectiveness of the seventh-grade science course enriched with critical thinking strategies. The study aimed to provide students with science content knowledge and critical thinking skills by using the Thinking-Based Learning (TBL) approach to enable students to think purposefully about science subjects. Although there are many studies in the literature classifying critical thinking skills, in this study Paul et al. (1990) critical thinking strategies were used. By matching the outcomes of the units in which the research was conducted with appropriate critical thinking strategies, 10 cognitive and four affective strategies to be used in the research were determined. This embedded mixed research design was carried out with the experimental group consists of 23 students and the control group consists of 26 students. The research was conducted in the 2021-2022 academic year in the experimental group with the TBL approach and in the control group with the current teaching in the Cell and Divisions, Force and Energy and Pure Substances and Recycling units for 14 weeks. In the study, data were collected through conceptual understanding tests, authentic problems, semantic mapping, observation form, thought diaries, teaching materials and semi-structured interviews. The conceptual understanding of seventh grade students and the differences between the groups were analyzed statistically. The coming out of strategies during the teaching process was examined through observation forms, students' answers to teaching materials and authentic problems, and semantic mapping drawings, based on the determined categorization levels. In line with the data obtained from the research, it was determined that the science course designed with the TBL approach, enriched with critical thinking strategies, was more effective than the current science teaching in all three units in which the research was conducted and improved students' conceptual understanding. However, it has been determined that conceptual understanding was not sufficient in solving authentic problems and choosing the right content knowledge was important. In addition, it was concluded that structured activities gave more effective results in teaching students to get used to the process, such as the TBL approach, in which students need to form new habits, and this approach supported to create thinking routines in students. It was inferred that critical thinking strategies integrated into instructional design mostly helped students acquire content knowledge, and as content knowledge increased, students used the strategies more effectively. However, in the findings obtained from semantic mapping, it was determined that the TBL approach encouraged students to think about the concepts of the unit but was only partially effective in establishing relationships between concepts. Additionally, it has been observed that activities carried out only as big class discussions, without small group discussions or think-pair-share techniques, cause students to experience social anxiety. It was concluded that the support of the social group to which students belong was important in the development of their affective strategies. In line with the results obtained, it was recommended to use structured activities until students develop a thinking routine, and to create new routines by changing the activities after the routine was formed. However, it was believed that it would be beneficial to reduce the number of strategies and conduct more activities aimed at the same strategy. It was thought that it would be useful to teach the concepts of the unit by associating them in order to increase the number of connections students make between concepts in semantic mapping. Interviews regarding affective strategies could be conducted in the form of focus group interviews to investigate how students analyze each other's thoughts and the quality of the opinions produced by students.
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