1917 Tarihli Hukuk-ı Aile Kararnamesi'nin Evlilikle İlgili Hükümlerinin Fıkhî Tahlili
1917 Tarihli Hukuk-ı Aile Kararnamesi'nin Evlilikle İlgili Hükümlerinin Fıkhî Tahlili
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Abstract
Tanzimat Dönemi boyunca gerçekleşen kanunlaştırma hareketleri ve aile hukuku alanında yapılan irâde-i seniyye, nizamname, ilanname gibi düzenlemeler Hukuk-ı Aile Kararnamesi'nin hazırlanmasıyla neticelenmiştir. Yerli bir kanun olan Hukuk-ı Aile Kararnamesi Osmanlı Devleti'nde sonuçları görülecek kadar uzun süreli olamasa da İslam dünyasında uzun vadeli ve önemli etkiler bırakmıştır. Hukuk-ı Aile Kararnamesi Müslüman, Hıristiyan ve Yahudi olmak üzere üç din mensuplarıyla ilgili evlilik ve boşanmaya dair hükümler ihtiva etmektedir. Kararname'de Müslümanlara ilişkin hükümler zamanın şartlarının değişmesi ve ortaya çıkan bazı problemlere Hanefî mezhebi içerisinde çözüm bulunamaması gerekçesiyle Hanefî mezhebine bağlı kalınmadan diğer Sünnî mezheplerden -Şâfiî, Mâlikî, Hanbelî- ve gerektiğinde mezhepler dışına çıkılarak İbn Şübrüme gibi müçtehitlerin görüşlerinden istifade edilerek hazırlanmıştır. Kararname'de Müslümanlar için mevcut hükümler gayrimüslimler için geçerli değilse bu takdirde onların kendi dinlerine uygun hükümler konulmuştur. Bu çalışmada Osmanlı Devleti'nin Tanzimat Dönemi'ndeki kanunlaştırma hareketlerinden başlanmış, aile hukukuna dair düzenlemelerle yer verilmiş ve Hukuk-ı Aile Kararnamesi çeşitli yönleriyle ele alınmıştır. Konuya hazırlık olması açısında bahsedilen minvalde genel bilgiler verildikten sonra Hukuk-ı Aile Kararnamesi'nin evlilikle ilgili hükümleri incelenmiştir. İlgili hükümler İslam mezheplerine muvafık oluşu yönüyle tahlil edilmiş bunun yanı sıra yeri geldiğinde tercih edilen görüşün kanunlaştırma gerekçelerinden de bahsedilmiştir. Ayrıca diğer din mensuplarına dair hükümler bu dinlerin kaynaklarına uygunluğu yönüyle analiz edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak Kararname'nin Müslümanlarla ilgili hükümlerin büyük çoğunluğu Sünni mezheplere dayandırılsa da İslam hukukuyla tam uygunluk arz etmeyen hükümlerin varlığı da mevcuttur. Bunda hazırlandığı dönemin etkileri büyük rol oynamıştır. Gayrimüslimlerle ilgili hükümlerde az da olsa Kararname'nin kendi içerisinde çelişkilerin olduğu görülmüştür.
The legalization movements that took place during the Tanzimat Period and the regulations such as decrees of sultan, ordinance, proclamation made in the field of family law resulted in the preparation of the Family Law Decree. Although the Family Law Decree, which is a local law, did not last long enough to be seen in the Ottoman Empire, it was long-term and important effective in the Islamic world. The Family Law Decree contains provisions on marriage and divorce related to members of three religions: Muslim, Christian and Jewish. The provisions regarding the Muslims in the Decree were prepared by taking advantage of the opinions of other Sunni schools - Shafi'i, Maliki, Hanbali - and, when necessary, from the opinions mujtahideen such as Ibn Shubruma, without adhering to the Hanafi school, on the grounds that the conditions of the time changed and some problems could not be solved within the Hanafi school. If the existing provisions for Muslims in the Decree do not apply to non-Muslims, then provisions suitable for their own religion have been made. In this study, the legalization movements of the Ottoman Empire in the Tanzimat Period have been started, the regulations on family law have been included and the Family Law Decree has been discussed in various aspects. After the general information was given in the manner mentioned in terms of preparation for the subject, the provisions of the marriage part of Family Law Decree were examined. The relevant provisions have been analyzed in terms of their compatibility with the Islamic schools, as well as the reasons for the legalization of the preferred opinion, when appropriate, have also been mentioned. In addition, the provisions for members of other religions have also been analyzed in terms of their compatibility with the sources of these religions. As a result, although the vast majority of the provisions of the Decree related to Muslims are based on Sunni schools, there are also provisions that do not fully comply with Islamic law. The effects of the period in which it was prepared played a major role in this. It has been observed that there are contradictions within the Decree itself, albeit a little in the provisions related to non-Muslims.
The legalization movements that took place during the Tanzimat Period and the regulations such as decrees of sultan, ordinance, proclamation made in the field of family law resulted in the preparation of the Family Law Decree. Although the Family Law Decree, which is a local law, did not last long enough to be seen in the Ottoman Empire, it was long-term and important effective in the Islamic world. The Family Law Decree contains provisions on marriage and divorce related to members of three religions: Muslim, Christian and Jewish. The provisions regarding the Muslims in the Decree were prepared by taking advantage of the opinions of other Sunni schools - Shafi'i, Maliki, Hanbali - and, when necessary, from the opinions mujtahideen such as Ibn Shubruma, without adhering to the Hanafi school, on the grounds that the conditions of the time changed and some problems could not be solved within the Hanafi school. If the existing provisions for Muslims in the Decree do not apply to non-Muslims, then provisions suitable for their own religion have been made. In this study, the legalization movements of the Ottoman Empire in the Tanzimat Period have been started, the regulations on family law have been included and the Family Law Decree has been discussed in various aspects. After the general information was given in the manner mentioned in terms of preparation for the subject, the provisions of the marriage part of Family Law Decree were examined. The relevant provisions have been analyzed in terms of their compatibility with the Islamic schools, as well as the reasons for the legalization of the preferred opinion, when appropriate, have also been mentioned. In addition, the provisions for members of other religions have also been analyzed in terms of their compatibility with the sources of these religions. As a result, although the vast majority of the provisions of the Decree related to Muslims are based on Sunni schools, there are also provisions that do not fully comply with Islamic law. The effects of the period in which it was prepared played a major role in this. It has been observed that there are contradictions within the Decree itself, albeit a little in the provisions related to non-Muslims.
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