Başkanlık Kararnamelerinin Gelişimi: Amerika Örneği
Başkanlık Kararnamelerinin Gelişimi: Amerika Örneği
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Abstract
BirleĢik Devletler hükümeti yasama, yürütme, ve yargı organlarının birbirleri ile olan iliĢkilerinde Anayasal çerçeveye sahip kontrol-denge sistemini esas alan bir kuvvetler ayrılığı ilkesi temelinde hareket eder. Bu makalede öncelikli olarak ele alınan yürütme yetkisi kaynağını, Anayasa‟da BaĢkan‟a ithaf edilmiĢ olan ve Meclis‟in BaĢkan‟a vermiĢ olduğu yetkiler bütününden alır; ve Amerikan baĢkanları bu yetkilerini icra ederken, Cumhuriyet‟in baĢlangıcından itibaren baĢkanlık kararnamelerine baĢvurmuĢtur. Fakat ne Anayasa ne de Meclis baĢkanlık kararnamelerini tanımlamadığı gibi Anayasa da BaĢkan‟a bu tarz bir kararname çıkarma yetkisi vermemiĢtir. BaĢkanlık kararnamelerinin ardındaki bu muğlaklık neticesinde ortaya çıkan kararnamelerin yoğun hukuk dıĢı ve uygunsuz kullanımı anayasal kuvvetler ayrılığı ilkesine, hukukun üstünlüğüne, bireysel özgürlüklere, ve demokrasiye karĢı bir devlet müdahalesi olarak değerlendirilmiĢtir. Bu makale, baĢkanlık kararnamelerinin yasal ve siyasi dinamiklerine ve bu kararnamelerin baĢkanlık yürütme yetkisinin geliĢimini nasıl Ģekillendirdiğine iliĢkin tartıĢmalara katkıda bulunmak amacı ile, Amerikan modeli baĢkanlık kararnamelerinin kullanımının ve geliĢiminin incelenmesini içerir.
The government of the United States performs on the basis of a separation of powers that ensures a constitutionally framed system of checks and balancespracticed by legislative, executive, and judicial branches in relation to the others. Theexecutive power is the main concern in this article and is derived from either the constitutional grant of power to the President or congressional delegated authority to the President. While using constitutional or even the congressional executive powers, Americanpresidents have been issuing executive orders since the origin of the Republic. Howeverneither the Constitution nor the Congress defines executive orders or any specific provision within the Constitution authorizes the President to issue such orders. The ambiguitybehind executive orders has frequently caused the illegal and improper uses that havebeen construed as a governmental treat to the constitutional separation of powers, therule of law, individual liberties, and democracy. This article contains the analysis of thedevelopment of the American model of executive orders in order to contribute the ongoing discussion related to both the legal and political dynamics of executive orders andhow such orders have shaped the development of presidential executive power.
The government of the United States performs on the basis of a separation of powers that ensures a constitutionally framed system of checks and balancespracticed by legislative, executive, and judicial branches in relation to the others. Theexecutive power is the main concern in this article and is derived from either the constitutional grant of power to the President or congressional delegated authority to the President. While using constitutional or even the congressional executive powers, Americanpresidents have been issuing executive orders since the origin of the Republic. Howeverneither the Constitution nor the Congress defines executive orders or any specific provision within the Constitution authorizes the President to issue such orders. The ambiguitybehind executive orders has frequently caused the illegal and improper uses that havebeen construed as a governmental treat to the constitutional separation of powers, therule of law, individual liberties, and democracy. This article contains the analysis of thedevelopment of the American model of executive orders in order to contribute the ongoing discussion related to both the legal and political dynamics of executive orders andhow such orders have shaped the development of presidential executive power.
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2
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629
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652
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