Bilgisayar Destekli Tahmin-Gözlem-Açıklama Stratejisinin Normal Dağılım ve Örnekleme Dağılımı Konularının Öğrenilmesine Etkisi
Bilgisayar Destekli Tahmin-Gözlem-Açıklama Stratejisinin Normal Dağılım ve Örnekleme Dağılımı Konularının Öğrenilmesine Etkisi
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Abstract
Normal dağılım ve örnekleme dağılımı kavramları betimsel istatistikten çıkarımsal istatistiğe geçişte yer alan ve birçok çıkarımsal istatistik kavramının temelini oluşturan birbiri ile yakından ilişkili kavramlardır. Normal dağılım ve örnekleme dağılımı kavramlarına atfedilen bu öneme rağmen öğrencilerin bu kavramları öğrenmede ve ön koşul oldukları p-değeri, güven aralıkları gibi kavramlarla ilişkilendirmede güçlük yaşadıkları görülmektedir. Bu nedenle normal dağılım ve örnekleme dağılımı kavramlarının öğretiminde, yeni yaklaşımlara ihtiyaç olduğu görülmektedir. Bu kapsamda, yürütülen bu çalışma ile istatistik öğretiminin doğasına uygun olduğu düşünülen tahmin-gözlem-açıklama (TGA) stratejisinin bilgisayar teknolojileri ile desteklendiği bir öğrenme ortamı (BiDeTGA) tasarlanmış ve bu öğrenme ortamının normal dağlım ve örnekleme dağılımı konularının öğrenilmesine etkisinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmanın çalışma grubunu bir devlet üniversitesinin, iktisat ve işletme bölümüne yerleşmiş öğrenciler oluşturmaktadır. İktisat ve işletme bölümlerinde okutulan derslerin istatistik odaklı olması ve bu iki öğrenci grubunun üniversiteye giriş puanlarının yakın olması bu seçimde etkili olmuştur. Yarı deneysel desenin kullanıldığı araştırmada 40 öğrencinin bulunduğu iktisat bölümü deney, 61 öğrencinin bulunduğu işletme bölümü ise kontrol grubu olarak belirlenmiştir. Deney grubunda dersler BiDeTGA stratejine uygun tasarlanan etkinliklerle yürütülürken kontrol grubunda daha önceki yıllarda yapılan uygulamalara benzer uygulamalar yine araştırmacı tarafından devam ettirilmiştir. Araştırmanın verileri; araştırmacı tarafından geliştirilen ön ve son testler yoluyla toplanmıştır. Ayrıca deney grubundan seçilen öğrencilerle yapılan klinik mülakatlar, BiDeTGA stratejisine göre tasarlanan öğrenme ortamında kullanılan çalışma yaprakları ve araştırmacının tuttuğu alan notları da veri kaynağı olarak kullanılmıştır. Uygulanan testler geliştirilen kategorik puanlama cetveline göre değerlendirilmiş ve elde edilen nicel veriler ile istatistiksel analizler (bağımsız örneklem t-testi ve kovaryans analizi) yapılmıştır. Çalışmada elde edilen nitel verilerin analizinde ise betimsel analiz yaklaşımlarından yararlanılmıştır. Araştırmadan elde edilen bulgular, BiDeTGA stratejisine uygun tasarlanan öğrenme ortamının, öğrencilerin normal dağılım ve örnekleme dağılımı kavramlarına ilişkin akademik başarılarında deney grubu lehine istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir farklılık oluşturduğunu göstermiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlar ayrıca BiDeTGA stratejisine göre tasarlanan öğrenme ortamında yapılan çalışmaların öğrencilerin normal dağılım ve örnekleme dağılımı kavramlarını öğrenmelerinde etkili olduğunu ortaya çıkarmıştır. Bununla birlikte elde edilen sonuçlar tasarlanan öğrenme ortamının öğrencilerin normal dağılım eğrisi ve normal dağılım parametreleri arasındaki ilişkiyi, neden standart normal dağılım dönüşümü yapıldığını, örneklem büyüklüğü arttıkça, örnekleme dağılımında meydana gelecek değişimleri anlamalarında ve sebeplerini açıklayabilmelerinde de etkili olduğunu göstermiştir. Bu çalışmadan elde edilen sonuçlar doğrultusunda normal dağılım ve örnekleme dağılımı kavramalarının öğretiminde BiDeTGA stratejisine uygun tasarlanan öğrenme ortamlarının oluşturulması önerilmektedir. Ayrıca normal dağılım ve örnekleme dağılımı gibi zor ve soyut olan diğer çıkarımsal istatistik kavramlarının öğretiminde de, öğrencilerin kavramları derinlemesine öğrenmelerini desteklemek için BiDeTGA stratejisi gibi teknolojinin etkin kullanıldığı, etkileşimli ve dinamik bir öğrenme ortamı sağlayan stratejilere ve öğrencilerin bilişsel çatışma yaşamasını amaçlayan sorulara ve etkinliklere yer verilmesi önerilmektedir.
Normal distribution and sampling distribution are closely related concepts that are present in the transition from descriptive statistics to inferential statistics and the basis of many inferential statistics concepts. Despite the importance attributed to normal distribution and sampling distribution, it occurs that students have difficulties in learning these concepts and associating them with prerequisite concepts such as p-value and confidence intervals. Therefore, the need for new approaches in teaching normal distribution and sampling distribution concepts is obvious. In this study, a strategy suitable for statistics teaching, the prediction-observation-explanation (POE) strategy, supported by computer technologies was used to create a learning environment (CAPOE) with the purpose to investigate the effect of this learning environment on learning normal distribution and sampling distribution concepts. The study group of the research was comprised of the students of economics and business departments at a state university. The determining criteria for selecting the subjects were the fact that the courses offered in the economics and business departments were focused on statistics and that the university entrance scores of these two student groups were close. Quasi-experimental design was used in the study. The experimental group consisted of 40 students in the department of economics and control group consisted of 61 students in the department of business. While the lessons in the experimental group were carried out with activities designed according to the CAPOE strategy, practices similar to those in previous years were continued in the control group by the researcher. The data of the research were collected through pre- and post-tests developed by the researcher. Clinical interviews with selected students from experimental group, worksheets used in the learning environment designed according to the CAPOE strategy and field notes taken by the researcher were also used as data sources. The tests applied were evaluated according to the categorical scoring scale developed and statistical analysis (independent sample t-test and covariance analysis) were performed with the quantitative data obtained. As for the analysis of the qualitative data of the study, descriptive analysis approaches were used. The findings of the research showed that the learning environment designed with CAPOE strategy created a statistically significant difference in favor of the experimental group in the academic achievement of the students regarding normal distribution and sampling distribution concepts. The results revealed that the activities carried out in the learning environment designed with CAPOE strategy were effective in students' learning of normal distribution and sampling distribution concepts. Moreover, the results showed that the designed learning environment was effective in terms of improving students' ability to understand and explain the relationship between the normal distribution curve and the normal distribution parameters, why the standard normal distribution transformation was performed, and the changes that would occur in the sampling distribution as the sample size increased. In line with the results of the study, it is suggested that learning environments be designed using the CAPOE strategy to teach normal distribution and sampling distribution concepts. The study also suggests that strategies such as CAPOE, which provide an interactive and dynamic learning environment, in which technology is used effectively be employed and questions and activities aimed at triggering students' cognitive conflict be integrated in the teaching of other difficult and abstract inferential statistics concepts such as normal distribution and sampling distribution in order to support students' in-depth learning of the concepts.
Normal distribution and sampling distribution are closely related concepts that are present in the transition from descriptive statistics to inferential statistics and the basis of many inferential statistics concepts. Despite the importance attributed to normal distribution and sampling distribution, it occurs that students have difficulties in learning these concepts and associating them with prerequisite concepts such as p-value and confidence intervals. Therefore, the need for new approaches in teaching normal distribution and sampling distribution concepts is obvious. In this study, a strategy suitable for statistics teaching, the prediction-observation-explanation (POE) strategy, supported by computer technologies was used to create a learning environment (CAPOE) with the purpose to investigate the effect of this learning environment on learning normal distribution and sampling distribution concepts. The study group of the research was comprised of the students of economics and business departments at a state university. The determining criteria for selecting the subjects were the fact that the courses offered in the economics and business departments were focused on statistics and that the university entrance scores of these two student groups were close. Quasi-experimental design was used in the study. The experimental group consisted of 40 students in the department of economics and control group consisted of 61 students in the department of business. While the lessons in the experimental group were carried out with activities designed according to the CAPOE strategy, practices similar to those in previous years were continued in the control group by the researcher. The data of the research were collected through pre- and post-tests developed by the researcher. Clinical interviews with selected students from experimental group, worksheets used in the learning environment designed according to the CAPOE strategy and field notes taken by the researcher were also used as data sources. The tests applied were evaluated according to the categorical scoring scale developed and statistical analysis (independent sample t-test and covariance analysis) were performed with the quantitative data obtained. As for the analysis of the qualitative data of the study, descriptive analysis approaches were used. The findings of the research showed that the learning environment designed with CAPOE strategy created a statistically significant difference in favor of the experimental group in the academic achievement of the students regarding normal distribution and sampling distribution concepts. The results revealed that the activities carried out in the learning environment designed with CAPOE strategy were effective in students' learning of normal distribution and sampling distribution concepts. Moreover, the results showed that the designed learning environment was effective in terms of improving students' ability to understand and explain the relationship between the normal distribution curve and the normal distribution parameters, why the standard normal distribution transformation was performed, and the changes that would occur in the sampling distribution as the sample size increased. In line with the results of the study, it is suggested that learning environments be designed using the CAPOE strategy to teach normal distribution and sampling distribution concepts. The study also suggests that strategies such as CAPOE, which provide an interactive and dynamic learning environment, in which technology is used effectively be employed and questions and activities aimed at triggering students' cognitive conflict be integrated in the teaching of other difficult and abstract inferential statistics concepts such as normal distribution and sampling distribution in order to support students' in-depth learning of the concepts.
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Keywords
Matematik Eğitimi, Concept Teaching, Prediction-Observation-Explanation Strategy, Örnekleme Dağılım, Benzetim, İstatistik Eğitimi, Simulation, Normal Distribution, Mathematics Education, Tahmin Et-Gözle-Açıkla Yöntemi, Sampling Distribution, Üniversite Öğrencileri, Üniversiteler, University Students, Kavram Öğretimi, Universities, Education and Training, Statistical Education, Normal Dağılım, Eğitim ve Öğretim
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